wɨrɨɗ ʸ nf. pus pus (13 groups, 39 languages) A
This root is extremely complex to reconstruct, with many phonological processes taking place. There is a regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch, Proto-Daba and Cuvok, which is consistently realised here. Metathesis of root consonants has taken place in Proto-Bata, Sukur and Proto-Mofu, and in Proto-Hurza the three consonants appear in reverse order. *ɗ has been lost in several languages. The loss has been compensated for in Sukur by the addition of a prefix /m-/, and in Mafa by the prefix /v-/. Elsewhere the loss of *ɗ has been compensated for by the reduplication of a syllable, as in Cuvok, several Mofu group languages and the Giziga languages. In several cases *ɗ and *w have fused, creating either /ʔʷ/ or /ɓ/. In some languages *w has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody. In Gemzek and Merey, this has combined with the palatalisation prosody to produce front-rounded vowels. All of these are common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Bata *rɨwɨɗ ʸ pus pus 1.1) Bata (Boyd) rèèto pus 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) rə́ʼúnə puss 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) ruʼun Pus 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) rjəɓʷək pus
2Proto-Daba *wɨlaɗ ʸ pus pus 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) uleɗ pus pus 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wəleɗ pus pus 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) wiliɓ pus pus 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) wìlēɗ ́ le pus
3Proto-Mafa *wɨrɨɗ ʸ pus pus 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) voroɓ pus 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) leleɓ pus pus
4Proto-Tera *ra pus pus 4.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ra pus
5Proto-Sukur *mɨru pus pus 5.1) Sukur (David) məru pus 5.2) Sukur (Thomas) mərəu pus:- is a thick yellowish or greenish liquid that is produced in an effected wound.
6Proto-Hurza *ɗɨrɨw ʸ pus pus 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɗərew pus pus 6.2) Pelasla (Kinnarid) ɗiraw pus 6.3) Vame (Kinnaird) ɗīrū pus pus
7Proto-Margi *lɨʔʷɨ pus pus 7.1) Bura (Blench) lu Pus 7.2) Margi (Hoffman) luʼu pus 7.3) Kilba (Schuh) luʼu/u pus
8Proto-Mandara *lɨwɨɗ pus pus 8.1) Matal (Branger) àlàw mík pus pus 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ləɓa,-ə pus 8.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) lua pus (m) 8.4) Malgwa (Löhr) luwa, əluwe pus 8.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) lùwa pus 8.5.1) Glavda (Owens) lu clay, mud, pus
9Proto-Mofu *walɨɗ ʸ pus pus 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ālə̄l pus pus ; glaires 9.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑlu pus pus 9.3) Mada (Nkoumou) óllò pus 9.4) Moloko (Friesen) oroh pus pus 9.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) alœɓ, aləɓ pus pus; le pus 9.6) Merey (Gravina) loloɓ, lelœɓ pus pus 9.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) loloɓ pus pus 9.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) lálàw pus 9.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) laláɓ pus
10Proto-Maroua *lɨlɨɓ ʷ pus pus 10.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) lulu pus 10.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) lulu toponyme 10.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) luloɓ pus pus
11Proto-Higi *lɨʔʷɨ pus pus 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) lə̀ʼuwə́ Pus (in a wound) 11.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) lə́ɠwə́ pus 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ləuo pus 11.3) Bana (Lienhard) lə̀ʼwə́ pus, sève
12Proto-Musgum *alu pus pus 12.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) alu pus
13Proto-Gidar *wɨlɨ ʸ pus pus 13.1) Gidar (Hungerford) wili pus
This root is extremely complex to reconstruct, with many phonological processes taking place. There is a regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch, Proto-Daba and Cuvok, which is consistently realised here. Metathesis of root consonants has taken place in Proto-Bata, Sukur and Proto-Mofu, and in Proto-Hurza the three consonants appear in reverse order. *ɗ has been lost in several languages. The loss has been compensated for in Sukur by the addition of a prefix /m-/, and in Mafa by the prefix /v-/. Elsewhere the loss of *ɗ has been compensated for by the reduplication of a syllable, as in Cuvok, several Mofu group languages and the Giziga languages. In several cases *ɗ and *w have fused, creating either /ʔʷ/ or /ɓ/. In some languages *w has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody. In Gemzek and Merey, this has combined with the palatalisation prosody to produce front-rounded vowels. All of these are common sporadic processes.
1Proto-Bata *rɨwɨɗ ʸ pus pus 1.1) Bata (Boyd) rèèto pus 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) rə́ʼúnə puss 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) ruʼun Pus 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) rjəɓʷək pus
2Proto-Daba *wɨlaɗ ʸ pus pus 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) uleɗ pus pus 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) wəleɗ pus pus 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) wiliɓ pus pus 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) wìlēɗ ́ le pus
3Proto-Mafa *wɨrɨɗ ʸ pus pus 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) voroɓ pus 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) leleɓ pus pus
4Proto-Tera *ra pus pus 4.1) Nyimatli (Harley) ra pus
5Proto-Sukur *mɨru pus pus 5.1) Sukur (David) məru pus 5.2) Sukur (Thomas) mərəu pus:- is a thick yellowish or greenish liquid that is produced in an effected wound.
6Proto-Hurza *ɗɨrɨw ʸ pus pus 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɗərew pus pus 6.2) Pelasla (Kinnarid) ɗiraw pus 6.3) Vame (Kinnaird) ɗīrū pus pus
7Proto-Margi *lɨʔʷɨ pus pus 7.1) Bura (Blench) lu Pus 7.2) Margi (Hoffman) luʼu pus 7.3) Kilba (Schuh) luʼu/u pus
8Proto-Mandara *lɨwɨɗ pus pus 8.1) Matal (Branger) àlàw mík pus pus 8.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) ləɓa,-ə pus 8.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) lua pus (m) 8.4) Malgwa (Löhr) luwa, əluwe pus 8.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) lùwa pus 8.5.1) Glavda (Owens) lu clay, mud, pus
9Proto-Mofu *walɨɗ ʸ pus pus 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ālə̄l pus pus ; glaires 9.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑlu pus pus 9.3) Mada (Nkoumou) óllò pus 9.4) Moloko (Friesen) oroh pus pus 9.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) alœɓ, aləɓ pus pus; le pus 9.6) Merey (Gravina) loloɓ, lelœɓ pus pus 9.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) loloɓ pus pus 9.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) lálàw pus 9.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) laláɓ pus
10Proto-Maroua *lɨlɨɓ ʷ pus pus 10.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) lulu pus 10.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) lulu toponyme 10.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) luloɓ pus pus
11Proto-Higi *lɨʔʷɨ pus pus 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) lə̀ʼuwə́ Pus (in a wound) 11.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) lə́ɠwə́ pus 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ləuo pus 11.3) Bana (Lienhard) lə̀ʼwə́ pus, sève
12Proto-Musgum *alu pus pus 12.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) alu pus
13Proto-Gidar *wɨlɨ ʸ pus pus 13.1) Gidar (Hungerford) wili pus
